Counseling Abused Women - 7410 Words

Counseling Abused Women: Factors Contributing to Successful Outcome Table of Contents Introduction Part One: Violence against women The Problem Consequences of violence Origins of violence Part Two: Treatment/Intervention models Service and treatment options Medications Community Treatment/Intervention Part Three: Client/Family participation Client participation Family involvement Part Four: Special needs Abuse of women with disabilities Equity/ Access to treatment Part Five: Parties’ promotion of various positions and their critical analysis Promotion the realization of Women’s Human Rights Critical analysis of various positions Conclusion References I. Introduction a. General overview of the topic†¦show more content†¦It seriously influences the ability of women to achieve equal status. As a matter of fact, it is not only the great number of violence cases against women that threatens women s lives, but the fear of violence that influences their everyday life, how they dress, where they go, with whom they communicate, etc. Violence against women continues to be an urgent social and economic problem in the world with serious influences on our health and social services systems. Violence against women is any act of gender-based violence that leads to, or is likely to lead to, physical, sexual or psychological damage or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, assault or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether happening in public or private life. Scientific interest in the issue of violence against women and its connections to poor mental health used to be insignificant. Nevertheless, the rise of second wave feminism and activism around women’s rights generated the development of interest in the worldwide social problem of violence against women (Walker, 1989, p.702). The importance of this problem has now been affirmed. Violence against women is legally realized as a priority health and human rights problem (WHO, 1997). In March 1999 at the 43 rd session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women, a Resolution was adopted that admitted that violence against women is becoming acute in all countries, societies and socio-economic groups and as a aftermath theShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On The Women Care Counseling Center924 Words   |  4 PagesMehdi Khan A Visit to the Women Care Counseling Center Last week (2-2-15), I visited the Women Care Counseling Center in Evanston and met Beth Katz at noon. Beth is a Senior Associate Therapist who guided me through their small suite. Women Care is an organization that primarily focuses on counseling various members of their community and provides training to people to become therapist. They offer support to families, couples and teens through life transitioning moments and offer guidance to overcomeRead MoreJournal Article Review Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesimpacting nearly 35% of women. Emotional abuse by a spouse or romantic partner can often lead to negative psychological outcomes, including depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, posttraumatic stress disorder, learned helplessness, and resentment of the abuser that persists even when the abuse ends. There have not been designated therapies designed to help these women. Gayle L. Reed and Robert D. Enright (2006) examine the roles forgiveness therapy has on emotionally abused women in the article The EffectsRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1360 Words   |  6 Pages Murders, rapists, batterers and abusers all have two things in common: they are criminals, and they all take away some part of another human being’s life. Both men and women have to deal with the everlasting issue of domestic violence. Defined by domesticviolence.org (2012) as a behavior â€Å"used by one person in a relationship to control the other†, domestic violence can be physical, emotional, sexual, verbal, or even financial. Although the issue of abusers being punished is a significant oneRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On The United States1443 Words   |  6 PagesMillions of women in the United States are physically, and emotionally abused by an intimate partner each year. Domestic violence is a situation that harms and kills most particularly women, children, and families members. As a result, battering of women is one of the foremost ca uses of injury to women. The growing awareness of how pervasive and destructive this situation is in our society, and the violence that accompanies it, has created a wide variety of programs, shelters, educational endeavorsRead MoreThe Effects Of Forgiveness Therapy On Depression, Anxiety And Posttraumatic Stress For Women After Spousal Emotional Abuse1014 Words   |  5 PagesPosttraumatic Stress for Women after Spousal Emotional Abuse† by Gayle L. Reed and Robert D. Enright is a research study to determine what effects forgiveness therapy has on emotionally abused women who continue to experience negative psychological outcomes long after the abusive relationship has ended. In the article, the authors compared forgiveness therapy (FT) with an alternative treatment (AT) such as anger validation, assertiveness and interpersonal skill building for women who had been emotionallyRead MoreAbstract: Understanding the Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Womens Sexuality1079 Words   |  5 Pages(2012). Understanding the Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Women s Sexuality. Journal Of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 14-37. The purpose of this study was to show how childhood sexual abuse (CSA) victims often are faced with negative psychological and emotional consequences which have profound effects on their lives, as well as their sexuality. The intent of the authors was to show the occurrence of CSA among different women populations, and how it negatively affects them for the restRead MoreThe Long Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse by Female Perpetrators: A Qualitative Study of Male and Female Victims955 Words   |  4 Pageslong-term impact of sexual abuse by women.† (Denov 1137) This is an exploratory study, because the study is fairly new and there is not a lot of information on the topic. This topic is appropriate for an exploratory study, because of the lack of information. Along with doing this research they wanted to get information from the victim’s experience. Through the study the researchers wanted to find out if being sexually abused by a woman is as harmful as being sexually abused by a man. â€Å"The article examinesRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects879 Words   |  4 Pagesviolence, we think of a man hitting women but there are many forms of abuse; emotional, sexual, physical and verbal abuse. Domestic violence acts can be committed by men or women, against children or adults. In our society, we are seeing more instances of domestic violence from professional athletes, to reality shows, and on college campuses. Domestic violence is a complicated problem that has both social and emotional impact. The leading cause of injury for women between the ages of fifteen andRead MoreDomestic Violence in America Essay examples530 Words   |  3 Pagesget more and more horrifying. A woman is beaten every 15 seconds, 22 to 35 percent of emergency room visits from women are because of ongoing partner abuse, 1 in 4 pregnant women have a history of partner violence, and 63 percent of young men between the ages of 11 and 20 are in jail for murdering their mothers abuser. Also domestic violence is the leading cause of injuries to women between 15 and 44. All these statistics prove that domestic violence is a big problem in our country. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;BatteringRead MoreDomestic Violence Is A Widespread Social Problem Affecting Women, Men, And Children845 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence is a widespread social problem affecting women, men, and children. This phenomenon cuts across cultures and social strata, increasing the likelihood for psychological and emotional issues for the victim and family members. Waldman, Finzi-Dottan, and Weintraub (2013, p. 57) affirm from their findings, Abused women are not a homogenous group, and the repeated traumatic events throughout their lives may result in formation of insecure attachment patterns and PTSD which consequently

UK National Minimum Wage Should Be Raised - 812 Words

I think Britain can afford a higher minimum wage. I think we have worked hard to get to this point and we can start to enjoy the fruits of all that hard work. This was said by George Osborne the Chancellor George Osborne of the Exchequer and Second Lord of the Treasury of the United Kingdom. Gorge Osborne, through his statement above has shown that he is willing to increase the national minimum wage from  £6.31 to  £7 per hour which is above inflation. The National Minimum Wage was set up in 1998 to protect low-paid workers, which I think was a good idea. However, an increase in the UK National Minimum Wage will cause more harm to the economy, employment sector and even the society than the proposed good. Students may leave their primary aim of getting educated to go in search of jobs; employers will employ less numbers of people thereby increasing unemployment; and the economy will suffer lack of growth that might get Britain into bigger debts and quite possibly a recession. It is not a good move! Firstly, researchers from the Respected Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development said Britain has more teenage dropouts than in most other countries. Almost one in five young people in the UK are not educated to A-level standard which is a shocking figure. Increasing the national minimum wage will encourage high school student to drop-out and go in search of jobs. What does the future hold for the upcoming generation? The society of today is looking to thisShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of National Minimum Wage On South Africa s Income Inequality Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact national minimum wage would have on South Africa’s income inequality should it be implemented. South Africa is still considered one of the countries which still consist of high income inequality. Economists argue that inequality is the most unavoidable part of the economic development and that it continues to increase in developing countries due to economic growth (Keeton, 2014). Inequality is a problem in countries such as South Africa, because it shifts the attention from bigger andRead MoreWhat Happens When Minimum Wage Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesWhat happens when minimum wage goes up to $15? If minimum wage is raised to $15 food price will rise on your favorite fast food restaurants like McDonalds, Taco Bell, Subway, KFC and many more. If minimum wage is put to $15 an hour some small businesses will shut down because they won’t have the money to pay their coworkers and if they don’t pay their workers they will end up quitting or some will end up suing the businesses and either way they would end up getting shut down or closed downRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Increased1057 Words   |  5 PagesRebecca Nevins Meredith Sides English 101 16 November 2015 Minimum Wage Should Be Increased Congress enacted the federal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higherRead MoreInternal And Internal Analysis Of Tesco1721 Words   |  7 Pagesexternal environment. Technological factors can take away or lower barriers to entry. They can also shrink minimum efficient production levels and sway outsourcing decisions. The environmental factors is to check the effect that the company is having on the environment. Legal Factors are factors cope with legal complications (Makos 2015). Strength of Tesco: First, Tesco is the largest retailers in UK, which has over 80 million people Shopping every week,  £69.7 billion sales and  £1.4 billion trading profitRead MoreEssay on The Minimum Wage Should Be Increased1048 Words   |  5 Pagesfederal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higher income level reduces employee turnover and increases efficiency and ultimately, raising the minimum wage doesRead MoreOrganization Background And New Plan Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 1 Organization Background and new â€Å"plan† According to HMRC website, Her Majesty s Revenue Customs and Revenue Agency and the UK Customs is a non-ministerial department responsible for the British government for the collection of taxes, payment of certain forms of state support and the administration of other regulatory regimes including the national minimum wage. HMRC was formed by the merger of the Agency s Revenue and Customs and Excise of His Majesty, which entered into force on 18 AprilRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution : The World Into The Forward And Advanced World We Live1387 Words   |  6 Pagesconstantly seen as inferior. The Industrial Revolution impacted much of society, primarily the lives of women; although women were given job opportunities, their lives during the industrial revolution were unfortunate due to the working conditions, large wage gap, and lack of a social status. The Industrial Revolution is defined as an economic transition in society, specifically involving the means of production. The Industrial Revolution was started in order to specialize, mechanize, and organize theRead MoreThe Swot Analysis Of Waitrose1530 Words   |  7 Pageschain of super-markets in United Kingdom focused on the grocery business. The organization as of 2010 had 228 retail branches only in UK making it the 6th largest retailer with a market share of 4.3% in UK (Corporate Watch, 2012). The grocery business is a major contributor to the food industry and forms the core of the retailing venture attracting many market players in UK such as Tesco, Iceland, Somerfield, Sainsbury’s, and ASDA. This has led to intense competition compelling Waitrose to embrace a differentiationRead MoreResponsibilities and rights of employees and employers Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesarea of work. 1.1 List the aspects of employment covered by law The law in UK covers the following aspects: Minimum wage, Hours worked, Discrimination, Health and safety, Holiday entitlements, Redundancy and dismissal, Training, Disciplinary procedures, Union rights and consultation, among many others. Labour law covers the deal between employee and employer, Health and safety cover the work conditions, and minimum wage and other law set basic compensation levels. Within our area of work we alsoRead MorePrimark3530 Words   |  15 Pagescustomers in Milan should be generation Y, which has nearly 400 thousand people. (The age structure of Milan is shown in Appendix 3). Moreover, Milan is one of the most fashionable capitals in the world. There are many world famous brands such as Armani and Prada in Milan, which are very valuable and expensive. However, because of the Eurozone crisis, even though people in Milan chase fashion, they have less disposable income to afford these expensive products (Hiscott, 2015). Primark should target these

Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials

Question: Discuss about the Corporations and Associations for Cases and Materials. Answer: Introduction: Plan and Issue: The key issues that are present in this case includes the question if proceedings can be initiated by PosterPLUS Pty Ltd. against Blackboard Pty Ltd. The reason is that Blackboard had clearly mentioned that it will not be liable for the cast vinyl being fit for a specific purpose like for being used for labeling on the containers. However this appears to be a case of the breach of contract. The cast vinyl film was supplied by Blackboard to PosterPLUS and for this purpose, both the companies have entered into a contract in 2012. As the cast vinyl is of a superior quality, it is expected to last long, nearly 5 to 7 years. It is a premium product and therefore it has super durability. But in this case, the cast vinyl that was supplied by Blackboard was of them. Quality and it started fading within a year and the labels on the containers became illegible. The issue in this case has to be decided on the basis of the principles of contract law. Rule: There are certain areas of discharge of contract by breach. These are anticipatory, impossibility of performance, renunciation during performance and the actual breach of contract. In the same way there are certain remedies available in such a case. These include the right to rescind the contract, injunction, specific performance and damages. These can be ordinary damages, nominal damages or exemplary damages. Similarly the contents of a contract are known as the terms of the contract. Contractual terms define the obligations of each party under the contract. It also decides if a statement or a representation made by a party can be considered as a contractual term or not. The terms of a contract can be classified as extras terms and implied terms. According to the doctrine of privity of contract, only the parties to the contract have the right to sue or be sued under the contract. This means that a contract is in agreement created between the parties to the contract and the par ties are bound towards each other under the contract. Therefore if one party has breached the contract, the law of contract provides that the other party may claim damages if it has been established that the other party was liable for the breach.However before arriving at such a conclusion, all the circumstances of the contract need to be evaluated. Application: in the present case, it appears that the responsibility lies on Blackboard to establish that it is not liable for the breach of contract. On the basis of the facts of the present scenario, it can be said that Blackboard had supplied an inferior quality of cast vinyl to PosterPLUS. During the process of production, it was found that insufficient ultraviolet sterilizer was added to the vinyl film. Due to this reason, the film was not of the standard quality. In this case, PosterPLUS had given the damages of $10,000 to SEASTORM Containers. At the same time, PosterPLUS still has unused film worth $20,000. Therefore it can be said in this case that sufficient evidence is present to establish that Blackboard Pty Ltd can be held liable for the breach of contract. The reason is that the film supplied by Blackboard was of inferior quality. Therefore even the disclaimer mentioned by blackboard in the contract will not be effective and PosterPLUS Pty Ltd can claim damages from Blackboard. In this case, huge damages have been suffered by PosterPLUS due to the inferior quality film supplied by Blackboard. The labels that were sold by the company to Seastorm started to fade within a year. At the same time, PosterPLUS still has vinyl film worth $20,000 lying unused. At the same time, PosterPLUS had provided new labels worth $10,000 to Seastorm. In this way, PosterPLUS can claim this amount along with the price of the unused film from Blackboard Pty Ltd. Therefore the issue in this case is if this amount can be claimed by PosterPLUS along with the price of the unused film from blackboard Pty Ltd. in this way, the present issue is related with the amount of compensation that can be claimed by PosterPLUS from Blackboard. Rule: In view of the doctrine of privity of contract, Seastorm cannot claim damages from Blackboard as it is not a party to the contract. On the other hand, it was expected that the venyl labels fixed on the containers will have lasted for 5 to 7 years but within a year, they started to fade. Application: as in this case, it was found that there has been a breach of contract by Blackboard. The reason is that it has supplied inferior quality of film. During the process of production, it was found that sufficient ultraviolet stabilizer was not used by the company. On the other hand, Blackboard had inserted a clause in the contract in which it had been mentioned that the company does not give any warranty that the film will be suitable for any particular purpose. But in this case, the film was of inferior quality. As a result it was unsuitable for all the purposes. Although a disclaimer had been inserted by Blackboard Pty Ltd in the contract that was concluded between the two companies, still PosterPLUS can claim damages from Blackboard Pty Ltd as the conduct of the company amounts to a breach of contract. Bibliography Baxt, R, Fletcher, K Fridman, S 2008, Corporations and associations: cases and materials, 10th edn, LexisNexis, Butterworths, Sydney, New South Wales Harris, J, Hargovan, A Adams, M, 2013, Australian corporate law, 4thedn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, New South Wales Randy E. Barnett, Contracts (2003) Aspen Publishers Sweeney, B, OReilly, J Coleman, A, 2013, Law in Commerce, 6thedn.2015, Australian Corporations Legislation, LexisNexis Butterworths/CCH (Vol 1)

Kittie - Spit free essay sample

Imagine a band that yells as loud as Chino Moreno fromthe Deftones with the looks, lyrics and melodies of Courtney Love from Hole. Noneed to imagine anymore: Kittie has arrived. Kittie is a Canadianband made up of four girls who can rock, yell and keep up with any hardcore bandout there. Ranging in age from 15 to 18, youd think theyd sing about love andboys like the rest of the female pop artists most American teens listen to, butwhen I listened to the title track, I was surprised that their throat, bass linesand dark melodies reminded me of the good old days of hardcore rock. It is abreath of fresh air to hear Kittie sing about things they hate and people theycant stand. That may sound harsh, but I know Im not the only one sick of thehappy, superficial music out there. With Kittie, one minute youll hear thegorgeous, soothing voice of lead singer Morgan Lander, the next youll bestartled, but impressed, by her scream, Stay away from me, Get away fromme. We will write a custom essay sample on Kittie Spit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their first single, Brackish, is an upbeat, loud, passionatesong that makes you want to headbang and mosh. Its not every day you find achick band that rocks. Kittie sets the stage for more kickin hardcore girlbands. I am very picky about my music and it takes me a long time to find a bandI can rave about, so if I found Kittie as good as the Deftones, Soulfly, Systemof a Down and Slipknot, youll be amazed by them, too.

None_provided Essays (1628 words) - Gender, Childhood, Behavior

None_provided Essays (1628 words) - Gender, Childhood, Behavior None_provided It is difficult for a child to grow up without experiencing some form of gender bias or stereotyping. When in school, many of their ideas and beliefs are reinforced by their friends, teachers, and other adults. For example, when teachers ask their students to form two lines, there is usually one line for boys and the other for girls. When children play, they avoid playing with the opposite sex because they prefer the company of their own kind. The result is a self-imposed segregation between boys and girls. Research has been done on this phenomenon. Many sociologists have been trying to explain gender roles and differences. Some say sex differences are biologically determined and some believe they are socially constructed. Children behave accordingly to their gender roles as early as two or three years old. From preschool on up to middle-school, children live in two separate worlds girls and boys. Inside the classroom, children often chose to sit with others of the same sex. This sep aration is also seen outside of the classroom boys played with other boys and girls with other girls. Barrie Thorne who wrote, Girls and Boys Together...But Mostly Apart: Gender Arrangements in Elementary Schools, states that the separate worlds exist as a result of deliberate activity (p. 140). Boys and girls have separate tables where they sit in the lunchroom. If a boy were to sit on one of the girls' tables, he would be laughed at or called a girl by other boys. Thorne explains that teachers and aides use gender as a basis for sorting children and organizing activities. They have math and spelling contests where boys compete with girls and sometimes children are lined up separately when walking down the halls. Other studies have distinguished between aspects of stereotypes by separately asking about what is typical in girls and boys versus what would be ideal. For example, Rothbart and Maccoby (1966) assessed parents' opinions about differences that actually exist between boys a nd girls and differences that should exist. Similarly, Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) were interested in comparing parents' beliefs about sex differences in young children with how desirable certain characteristics are for girls and boys. They reported that the characteristics perceived as being typical of boys and girls were quite different. Typical boy behaviors were being noisy, rough, active, competitive, defying punishment, and enjoying mechanical objects. Typical girl behaviors were helpful, neat and clean, quiet, well-mannered, crying, and being easily frightened. In contrast, parents reported that it was important for both boys and girls to be neat and clean, helpful, to take care of themselves, not to cry, to be competitive, and to be thoughtful and considerate. These results lead Maccoby and Jacklin to speculate that parents may be trying to socialize children of both sexes toward the same goals. In my field research, I observed children in an elementary school in order to und erstand how gender roles are formed, especially at an early age. I went to Hollingworth Elementary School in West Covina, California. This is the school I went to during my years in elementary. The school is only a ten-minute walk from my house in Los Angeles. The children I was most interested in studying were from the ages of six through eight first and second graders. I took on the view from a distant position, being a complete observer. I went to the school during their lunch hour, observing the children during their recess time. I only had a notebook and pen in order to write down what I observed. I situated myself on one o the planters located to the side of the blacktop, near the handball courts. Before starting my observation, I went to the principal's office to inform them of my research project. They were very accommodating and told me I was able to observe the children from a distance. I did not spend five hours in one day observing the children. Instead, I went to the sc hool during the week and observed them about an hour each time. The role I took on as a complete observer did not pose any problems. A few children looked and stared at me, probably wondering what I was doing

10 Steps to Improve Your Workplace Communication Skills

10 Steps to Improve Your Workplace Communication Skills Communication is key. Whether written or spoken, reading, or listening, these skills are crucial in any workplace and can make you a better, more effective, and more efficient employee. Here are 10  ways to improve your communication skills. 1. Don’t beat around the bushBe clear. First and foremost, make sure your point is conveyed and that your message is easily understood. Use specific language, avoid spewing out too many acronyms. When in doubt, imagine you’re speaking to someone who doesn’t know your company.2. Listen activelyThe better you listen, the better you are at communication. Before you respond, make sure you’ve heard and digested what someone is saying. Don’t just wait for their mouth to stop moving to make your point.3. Repeat backThis is the second stage of active listening. Let the speaker know first, that you’ve understood them, and second, that you care about what they’ve said. Do this by repeating what theyâ€℠¢ve said and including their words in your response. Paraphrase back to them to prove that you’ve heard them loud and clear.4. Use your bodyWhen in doubt, or if you have something particularly complicated to discuss, try doing it in person. Face to face, you have the extra benefit of body language and non-verbal cues like gestures and facial expressions, all of which make it easier to avoid confusion.5. Show r-e-s-p-e-c-tDon’t multi-task while communicating. Don’t be on your phone, or doodling, in the meeting. Make sure what you’ve said is professional and respectful. Make eye contact and use people’s names. Basically, be a human.6. Match the message to the mediumIf you’re better via email, don’t try to have that important progress update in your boss’s office before you’ve had your coffee. If it’s a sticky situation that requires a nuanced approach, don’t just send a flat-toned email when you could finesse the situation with a well-managed in-person conversation. Figure out what it is you have to get across, then choose the medium that suits that message best.7. Know your audienceDon’t talk to your client as you would your boss. Or your HR rep as you would your best work pal. Match your tone and timing to the person you’re communicating with.8. Text smartMore and more workplace information gets communicated via text and email. This is another instance where it’s best to know your audience and choose the most appropriate medium. Bottom line: never text anything too complicated. That will help you avoid misunderstandings and misinformation. But don’t send a big long email to arrange a short meeting either.9. Make meetings matter moreSo many meetings leave us feeling we could have better spent that time. Demand better! Set an agenda, keep to the scheduled time, don’t invite unnecessary people. Make sure every meeting is productive enough to justify eve ry attendee taking the time and resources from their workload.10. Keep it positiveNo matter how stressed you are, or how fraught the conversation, try to stay positive. Put your team first. And never make it personal- keep your focus on the professional. Earn a reputation and respect.

Electronic Commerce Of Bumble Corporation Essay

Electronic Commerce Of Bumble Corporation - Essay Example Therefore usability, persuasion, power, and branding of Bumble Corporation will help the company to concentrate on ways to run a successful online business. The initial key to building a profitable online business is to make the client’s shopping experience effortless, therefore the company website needs to be extremely user-friendly. Bumble Corporation can thus attain this by ensuring their clients can navigate the website without difficulty and that their clients will always identify where they are on the site as well as easily find the things they are looking for. Another important feature of a successful online business is to have an orderly web page. In this example, it is good to follow the ‘less is more’ principle. Sharp, powerful websites use other techniques for advertising promotions. For example, e-mail newsletters can alert clients to present promotion items that are based on their history of purchase. By utilizing email to bring this extra data, Bumble Corporation could maintain its website free from surplus information, which otherwise could be an overload for the customers. Influencing the client to purchase any product is highly made effective when the company’s support number is posted on all single pages of the web site. Doing so will first of all be convenient for the customer, as they can call support no matter on which page they are, and this will also alert the client to the organization’s eagerness to help at any point throughout the shopping experience of customers.

The Evolving Role of Government in Education Essay

The Evolving Role of Government in Education - Essay Example Further concerns of long-term socio-economic as well as political implications that such preparations portend have been a factor that has driven these debates. Therefore, there has been a consensus that the federal government ought to take matters of education holistically with a view to changing policies and streamlining education, which will be relevant in this century and age (Sunderman, 2010). Indeed, the president and the U.S Secretary in charge of education have made policy intervention calls to address education crises in High Schools with a biased concentration on the schools, which perform dismally, as well as in colleges and career configuration. In this line, there have been a number and pieces of legislations proposed or enacted by the national congress driven from research findings and recommendations on the best practices that would adequately inform federal policy (Cross, 2004). For instance, funds have been injected under the federal stimulus program, which has gone f urther in shedding light on the opportunities available to push and create education awareness campaigns for improvement. Further, there have been state-led movements charged with the mandate to evaluate and craft common standardized approaches to greatly way change the American Education (Sunderman, 2010). Such legislations include the reauthorized Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). This act was proposed with the view to critically assess the high school crisis so that systems and structures are out in place to enable students graduating from high schools to be adequately ready to take on careers in colleges. In this case, the federal policy is seen to play an important role to ensure that in â€Å"reauthorizing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in away that the policies would be congruent with the changes and common standards initiative† to take the leading role and facilitation of partnership with other players in the education sector (Sunderman, 2010) . The federal role and the Aid Evolution For a long time, about a century, the federal government has been playing a significant role in the enhancement of education in America. It has been the fulcrum about national needs and interests as far as education is concerned. This has been seen in a number of roles over the years in line with democracy and promotion of an educated America. One has been to significantly do away with poverty, promote equity in education access and to respond to the needs of the vulnerable groups in society. The second role has been promotion of security and enhancement of economic stability across the whole country to ensure it economically competes with other countries (Cross, 2004). One of the predominant areas where the federal role has been witnessed has been in its push for aid in education. Today’s advocacy for elementary and secondary education can be traced back to the year 1938 when a report of the advisory committee on education instigated by the then president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, laid significant facts bare. On the whole, the report indicated that there were serious disparities among the American states and went further to lay recommendations that the states that were lagging behind should be assisted to promote equity (Sunderman, 2010).

Roles and Responsibilities of a Teachers Essay Example for Free

Roles and Responsibilities of a Teachers Essay Roles ,Responsibilities, boundaries and Relationship of teachers with other professional. * Roles and Responsibilities of a teachers in life long sector. In my view ,followings should be the roles and responsibilities of a teacher of numeracy /math, Physics, and ICT at adults level. 1. One of the responsibilities of someone who is thinking about going into teaching in the lifelong learning sector would be to gain the skills, which are required for the subject , in which he/she intend to teach and make sure that the/she have relevant literacy, numeracy and ICT skills and preferably the qualifications. 2. A teacher must make communication in easy and simple words so that all the learners can understand easily. He should communicate by lowering his own level at the level of the learners. A teacher should be very clear and concise in his ideas .Words and language with dual meanings or ambiguous language should not be used. He/she should be Generous with advice and guidance. Teachers should adjust their teaching style to meet individual needs of students. 3. A teacher should enter into the classroom with full preparation and in depth knowledge of the subject .He/she should plan the sessions and prepare the teaching materials with great care. It should be the responsibility of a teacher to make sure that all handouts, lesson plans, presentations and any other writing is always spellchecked as any spelling mistakes will reflect on the learners. He/she should use the modern technology in preparation of this material. It should be attractive, creative and inspiring. 4. Sometimes, the behaviour of learners demonstrates that something is not going right. Therefore, I think ,I as a teacher must pay attention to any suspicious sings that could bother the learners. As teacher must be my responsibility to find out what is going on with the learners in the classroom 5. A teacher should be inspiring , patient and must not preach. 6. A teacher should attend and contribute team meetings, section meetings, tutor and area team meetings where applicable. 7. A teacher should work closely with colleagues in developing and improving the current curriculum offer for programs of teaching. 8. A teacher partake in marketing and recruitment activities including open evenings, school tasters and visits, student profiling for publications, interview, induction, awards evenings, result day and enrolment. 9. A teacher should identify students weaknesses and should be able to plan a strategy to assist them with it. 10. A teacher should encourage students to discuss the chosen topic/method not only with the teacher but also amongst themselves . Teachers should create effective and stimulating opportunities for learning through high quality teaching that enables the development and progression of all learners 11. A teacher should assess various learning styles within the group and identify the methods by which various learners can understand better. And method should be easy and updated. 12. A teacher must try to make sure that all students have equal rights and safe learning environment where they are able to build a trusting and honest relationship. Teachers should value all of their learners individually and equally .A teacher should be professional yet sympathetic to the learner’s needs. Teachers should give students an environment to learn on their own without putting them in a box and sayingyou belong here because of your age, etc. 13. A teacher should be friendly with the learners, but he/she must remember that the learners should not be his/her friends. 14. The teacher needs to show respect toward the students so the students also respect the teacher 15. A teacher should complete attendance records and maintain the records of learners progress e.g. interviews, tutorials, assessments. 16. A teacher must not give false advice but a constructive and accurate one. 17. A facilitator must be organiser, analyst, administrator, media designer, tutor, team player, communicator, assessor, group leader and presenter. 18. A teacher should actively participate in continuous professional development appropriate for the development of programs and career of a teacher as a member of college staff. 19. And most of all, the perfect teacher, is the teacher that doesnt think himself/herself perfect. * Boundaries of the teachers in life long sector.

Can I know what another person is thinking or feeling? If so, how? :: essays papers

Can I know what another person is thinking or feeling? If so, how? The problem of Other Minds is a true philosophical enigma. It is apt to strike children with no philosophical education whatsoever, yet remains intractable to many academics. Broadly speaking, the problem can be divided into three questions. Firstly, how do I come to believe that there are minds in the world other than my own? Secondly, how can I justify my belief that there are minds in the world other than my own? Thirdly, what can I state about the mental states of minds other than my own?. The question we are dealing with here falls largely into the third category, although of course issues relating to the other two will also be involved. Firstly, it is imperative to assert that, in looking for 'knowledge', we are not aiming for logical certainties - we are not aiming to show that any propositions about other minds can be demonstrated with absolute certainty equivalent to that of mathematical truths. Philosophy ever since Descartes has tended to be defined by scepticism: either it aims to produce sceptical theories or it aims to refute them. And sceptics tend towards extremity in their doubts. It must be stated here and now that there are not, and never can be, any theories that prove demonstratively that other minds exist, or that I know others' mental states. This is not what should be aimed at in attempting to solve the problem. As Austin puts it "To suppose that the question 'How do I know that Tom is angry?' is meant to mean 'How do I introspect Tom's feelings?' is simply barking up the wrong gum-tree." Most philosophers agree that their theories only bestow a greater or lesser amount of probability onto statements about other minds (although there are exceptions, e.g. Peter Strawson's attempt to argue transcendentally for the existence of other minds through our own self-consciousness). There have been a number of different attempts to do this. J.S. Mill, who produced the first known formulation of the Other Minds problem, used the so-called 'Argument from Analogy' both to explain how we come to believe in other minds and to justify this belief. Briefly, the argument holds that I am directly aware of mental states in myself, and I am aware of the behaviour of mine that results from and is caused by these mental states. As I can observe similar physical behaviour in others, I draw the analogy that it is caused by the same (or at least similar) mental states to my own.

How Does Barack Obama Engage His Audience

Barack Obama engages his audience through means of promoting inclusivity, an informal friendly stance and a family appeal. The non-verbal communication and rhetorical devices Obama uses adds up to a very engaging speech. I will be comparing Obama’s race speech in Philadelphia with the David Letterman interview. The structure of Obama’s Speech is very important. The words are made to flow from beginning to end, without break. The speech starts by Obama placing himself in history with the 1787 US Constitution – this factual evidence establishes Obama’s authenticity. The main body of the speech has a recurring theme of a ‘perfect’ America that ‘could be and should be’ perfected over time. He claims that America ‘may never be perfect’ but it can ‘always be perfected’. This encourages hope for the future generations within the audience. This repetition is memorable and has emphasis on the future generation, gaining the support of the families. Another key feature of the structure is the rule of three. Obama uses many words repeatedly, for example, ‘constitution’. A union between the government and its people is also a repetitive theme, as it tightens the bondage with all the people, ‘black or white’. The end of the speech is simple but blunt to the point – ‘but this is where we start’. This again places him in history, and gives the speech a circular form. Establishing rapport with the audience is a key in any speech. Obama’s main method is using non-verbal communication (NVC’s). A simple ‘chop’ gesture is often used throughout Obama’s interview and sometimes speeches. It separates selected points to emphasise them to the audience, and is a subtle gesture to show Obama’s organisation. Eye contact is also essential, as it will engage individual crowd members, making them feel enlightened or special. Stories are used to engage the audience on a more personal level, especially if they are about children. This was the case about the end of Obama’s speech, where he speaks about Ashley, a young girl who brought together black and white people. The single phrase’ I’m here because of Ashley’ indicates a pause where Obama consolidates and the audience take in the whole story. Just because this story was a bout a child the supporters are engages on so much of a more personal level, and the moment of recognition between the ‘young white girl and the old black man’ is magnified in its glory. Then Obama slowly flows into the end paragraph – ‘this is where we start’. The whole speech is very serious, unlike Obama’s interview with David letterman, where humour was the main method to win support of the audience. Small things like Obama’s clothes, posture or background made a huge difference in both the speech and the interview. For example, Obama is very relaxed and moves his hands a lot during the letterman interview. On the other hand, Obama is very static during the speech, the background is also important, as in the race speech the background is embellished with lots of huge American flags. This shows Obama’s authenticity and patriotism. In the interview, there was a more relaxed cosmopolitan New York background. Obama uses many forms of non-verbal communication (NVC’s) to establish a strong rapport with his audience. Firstly, Obama begins with his hands pointing at the crowd, signalling the start. He uses this o calm down the crowd and to attract their attention. During the speech he often holds his hands out in a ‘welcoming embrace’. This is more personal and shows that he is an open, friendly person. He also holds his hands out straight out to emphasise a point or idea – this catches the audience’s attention, making them remember the point. Obama went on the David Letterman show to reveal his more relaxed side to America. It was his opportunity to reach a different type of audience. Very like his speeches he kept to a strict timing, where he has pauses for the audience –except that he left time for letterman to reply. For example, after being asked a question, Obama would pause and let the question sink in. While telling a joke on the show, he would never laugh at it and would keep a ‘dead pan’ face. This is because he then counts on the audience to laugh for him. He also used many filler words, such as ‘basicly’ to space out questions and awnsers evenly. Similarly to the race speech, Obama placed himself in history, mentioning JFK, FDR; similar to when he mentioned the 1787 Philadelphia conference. However, unlike the race speech; Obama was excellent at making good eye contact with the audience. This was because the audience at the race speech was much larger than the one at the David Letterman show. He also showed good willingness to joke – which engaged the audience into his conversation with Letterman. This is how the speech was similar with the interview; in both Obama was keen to establish a strong rapport with the audience. Unlike the race speech, Obama uses many slang or friendly words during the interview. He describes people as ‘folks’ and his family as ‘goofs’; showing the audience that underneath the fancy tie and suit he is just a normal guy. Obama uses many rhetorical devices to engage his audience during his race speech. The first three words in Obama’s speech are: ‘four years ago’. This is the start of a story (anecdotes) and is also used as an icebreaker. It calms the audience down –they might not hear it, but it signifies the start of the speech. The personal story gets the audience interested and focused. Then the collective pronoun, ‘you’ is used: ‘I stood before you and†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This addresses the crowd as one and is used so every body feels included – it is inclusive. Phrases such as ‘our children and grandchildren’ promotes the feeling of inclusivity and again wins the support of families – it makes everyone feel that they are in on the ‘Obama deal’. Along with the collective pronouns Obama strings together emotive language, such as ‘victims of racial abuse’ instead of just people. This makes the speech feel very personal. One of the most important rhetorical devices he used was the rule of 3. This is the repeating of 3 certain phrases or words so they catch the audience’s attention and make it memorable. In the 5th paragraph he uses the rule of 3 to emphasise a ‘more caring, more equal and more prosperous America’. This slogan stays in the heads of the supporters. Another example of the rule of three is where Obama says ‘ordinary men and women, students and soldiers, farmers and teachers’. As well as the three pairs, he starts with ordinary men and women. This is used so he can relate with the audience, creating a better rapport. Also in that sentence was alliteration: ‘students and soldiers’. This also is easily remembered. Obama also has a repeating theme of the ‘American promise’. This repeating theme is used so it will stick in the audience’s head. Timing is essential within a speech. There is strong modulation within the context of the speech, as Obama will pause to evaluate after a lengthy paragraph or strong point. This separates certain points and gives the audience time to take in the speech. The tone of voice also sets a background atmosphere to his speech – for example, during a theoretical or metaphorical sentence; Obama would get louder in a crescendo before almost shouting at the end of the sentence. This is always followed by a huge applause and long pause. Obama pauses after his icebreaker: ‘Four years ago’ – this gives his audience time to calm and let them know that is his turn to speak. In conclusion, Obama uses many unconventional and interesting techniques as well as hand gestures to engage his audience, to appear either more friendly or serious. In comparison between the race speech and the Letterman interview, in the speech Obama is much more static and serious, while in the interview he is more relaxed and friendly.

Negative Aspects of Reality Shows

In recent years we have seen how the reality shows have Increasingly Invaded our screens, and there is something that captivates people to the point that change their way of life and are carried away by this â€Å"fever†. Most of the people who watch this kind of shows believe that all what they see is real so they begin to feel identify with them. The audience imitates they behaviors and most of the time it Is negative.They turn violent, Irritable and susceptible to reactions. A big percentage of people who watches this believe that their way of being is normal, but it is not like that. There are certain manners or behaviors that we are used to watch, but it doesn't mean it is normal at the point that we accept it as a way of life. What is true about this is that producers control everything and can alter or distort the actions of the actors. The actors are aware of this because when they sign their contract It Is specified over there.So, can we believe In everything we see? A key for success of these shows is the humiliation of the â€Å"actors†. Like American Idol or many others, because the jury criticizes them In a derogative way so the contestants leave the stage but being teased. The audience assimilates this as a normal process so if they don't have skills they begin to feel shame of it or scared to people who can watch them doing things. Another negative thing is that they can think that humiliation is a necessary step to succeed, thing that is not true.We hooked not allow ourselves to be influenced by these shows and that Is why there are recommendations while watching them, such as: It Is not recommended for children and young people, therefore they can understand and analyze the background and have a very strong personality. All in all we must be alert and aware to see a reality show, because this can lead to unexpected and negative changes. The best one can do is to turn this experience into something good and know how to select those programs that teach us and help us develop.

Nonce-words, For the Nonce, and Nonce

Nonce-words, For the Nonce, and Nonce Nonce-words, For the Nonce, and Nonce Nonce-words, For the Nonce, and Nonce By Maeve Maddox Cine Cynic posits a question about the word nonce in the expression nonce-word: Reading about Lewis Carroll, I stumbled upon the concept of nonce words. What surprised me the most is that nonce is also slang for paedophile in Brit. How did that come about? Is it related to the allegations about Lewis Carroll? The word nonce has been kicking around in English since the Middle Ages. There was a phrase for à ¾e naness (c.1200) which meant for a special occasion, for a particular purpose. This phrase was a misunderstanding of an earlier phrase, for à ¾an anes, which meant for the one. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the phrase for the nonce was used from the early 14th century as an empty filler in metrical composition. The phrase for the nonce as now used can mean for the occasion, for the time being, in the meantime. Nonce-word was coined in 1884 for the purpose of providing a descriptive label in the N.E.D. (New English Dictionary, original title of the Oxford English Dictionary) by the great editor James Murray. It was used to describe Words apparently employed only for the nonce. The phrase for the nonce, meaning for the occasion, is used by Claudius as he and Laertes plan to murder Hamlet: When in your motion you are hot and dry As make your bouts more violent to that end And that he calls for drink, Ill have prepared him A chalice for the nonce, whereon but sipping, If he by chance escape your venomd stuck, Our purpose may hold there. The expression for the nonce is still going strong on the web: Sticking with Firefox rather than Chrome for the nonce Tide of Creationism Stemmed for the Nonce Here’s a factoid to take into account, the wholly different cultural context (for the nonce) Moss donned a string bikini bottom for the nonce and skated on. You know how they sometimes ask you, â€Å"What’s your biggest fear?† It may not be that clichà ©d a question, but one still hears this phrase ‘biggest fear’ more than a few times in one’s life. I don’t want your answers, so you can hold your horses for the nonce. That many of these people appear to be completely bonkers has not prevented them from bringing the feds to a crashing halt for the nonce. (I have no idea how long a nonce is, so dont ask me.) The other kind of nonce, a person convicted of a sexual offense, esp. child abuse, is a more recent usage. Various fanciful acronyms have been offered to explain the origin of the slang word nonce. One of the more plausible etymologies connects it to a Lincolnshire dialect word nonse, meaning good-for-nothing. The earliest example in the OED (1971) is spelled nonse and is from a work about prison slang. In the second OED example (1975), the word occurs as the plural nonces. The third example (1984), extracted from Police Review, states that the word nonce was derived from nancy-boy. I rather doubt that the chaps who came up with the slang term knew anything about the allegations against the creator of Alice in Wonderland (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson [1832-1898], aka Lewis Carroll). The allegations that Dodgson was a pedophile began to surface in academia in the 1930s and 1940s. Dramatist Dennis Potter brought the idea into the mainstream with his 1965 play Alice, and the 1985 screenplay Dreamchild. Several recent biographies of Dodgson have continued to speculate. The only connection that can be drawn between the word nonce and Lewis Carroll is the fact that Carroll invented several nonce-words. Many nonce-words are portmanteau words in which two words are telescoped to create a new word. Most fade into oblivion, but a few, like brunch (breakfast+lunch), and electrocute (electro+the ending of execute) find a lasting place in the language. Two of Carrolls portmanteau words are: chortle (snort+chuckle), and snark (snake+shark). You can find an overview of the evolution of the allegations against Dodgson on the Tate Publishing site. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyDifference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"What the Heck are "Peeps"?

Understanding What an Expository Essay Is

Understanding What an Expository Essay Is If you search the Internet for a definition of an expository essay, you might become confused. Some books and websites define them as how to essays, while others give a long and confusing definition that seems to include every possible essay type out there. Expository essays are simply essays that explain something with facts, as opposed to using opinion to inform the reader. Sample styles for expository essays may include: Papers that described how to do something (how to essay).Papers that analyze events, ideas, objects, or written works.Papers that describe a process (step by step essay).Papers that explain/describe a historical event (descriptive essay). Expository essays are often written in response to a prompt that asks the writer to expose or explain a specific topic. Essay questions on tests are normally written to prompt an essay in this very style, and may look like the following: Explain the events leading up to the Revolutionary War.Explain how to balance a checkbook.Describe the composition and function of a chickens egg.Explain the process of changing a tire. An expository essay should have the same basic structure as any typical essay, with an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs, and a summary or conclusion. The length of your essay can vary, according to context. The introductory paragraph will contain the thesis sentence, and the topic of the thesis should be grounded in fact. A concluding essay will provide a summary of your main points and re-statement of your goal or thesis.

City of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

City of God - Essay Example This paper will examine the planning dynamics of the urban setting with keen interest in the importance of education, the nature and role of government in public housing, youth engagement in crime, slum livelihood, social networks and the general environment of a slum in an urban area. Social networking is a major determiner of the attributes that people will develop, especially the youth. In the movie, youths are portrayed to hang out together in the slum region of Rio. These is a common scene in many areas of the slum as youths idle around and run errands for criminal gangs or conduct independent criminal maneuvers. Interaction within the slum setting helps in spreading the vice of criminality. The process of initiating young boys to crime is clearly depicted in the movie where a young boy is told to kill other young men to prove his commitment. That is a rite of passage in a group of young men who fancy getting money through criminal activities. It is the people that young men interact with and the glorification of criminality in the urban setting that makes the young population view it as the only means of making a living. From the film, social networking has created a culture that glorifies criminal ways of making a living or name in the society. It is a wide spread notion that crime can be very rewarding though full of risks. Murder and drug abuse seem not to bother the conscience of the youth in the favelas. The magnitude of the consequences has been reduced by circles of interaction in the setting ("In the Violent Favelas of Brazil by Suketu Mehta | The New York Review of Books"). The importance of education is a key element for emphasis in urban planning. The importance of this cannot be downplayed since the resulting behaviors of the residents depends on it. In the Movie City of God, it is evident that lack of education is catastrophic. According to the reasoning of Steak & Fries, a character in the

Critically evaluate the role of CO2 as a greenhouse gas in Essay

Critically evaluate the role of CO2 as a greenhouse gas in contributing to global warming - Essay Example Carbon dioxide has internal vibrational modes since it has more than two atoms per molecule thus can absorb and radiate heat thus leading to the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide also can stay in the atmosphere for many years unlike water vapor thus acts as a controlling factor of the earth’s surface temperatures (Houghton 2004). Carbon dioxide and global warming Natural gases including oil and coal in automobile engines will raise the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Pepper, Gerba and Brusseau 2006). Farming practices such use of nitrous oxide and deforestation also contributes to emission of carbon dioxide (Maslin 2002). Generally, the sun releases sunlight and heat to the earth’s surface but only 70 percent of the sunlight manages to reach the earth’s surface (Oxlade 2003). The sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere through infrared radiation but the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reflects back the heat to the earth’s surface thus lea ding to global warming (Farrar 2008). Some of the longer wavelengths will be absorbed by the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide thus warming up the atmosphere (Oxlade 2003). The carbon dioxide will act like a mirror by reflecting back to the earth heat energy thus would otherwise be lost in the atmosphere thus leading to global warming. ... The absorption of heat depends on the spectral location (wavelength), the strength and also the shape of each particular line. Suppose the absorption line is an inverted bell-shaped line, the amplitude of the curve or the depth will be determined by the strength of the absorption line and amount of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere (Oxlade 2003). Negative effects of global warming One of the negative impacts of global warming is melting of the polar ice caps that will lead to rise in sea levels. According to Snow data, the absolute melting of all glaciers would raise the sea levels by 230 feet (Farrar 2008). The desalination of the seas will distort the currents that control the sea temperature. The glaciers are white in colour and usually reflect some sunlight thus cooling the earth’s surface. The melting of the ices will also endanger the habitants of some special species thus leading to their extinction (Colls 2004). The increase in global warming will contribute to intense droughts and heat waves especially in dry areas such as Africa (Farrar 2008). Global warming will also lead to warmer seas thus leading to disasters like strong hurricanes that can lead to lose of lives and property especially in coastline areas (Wang, Pereira and Hung 2004). Increase in the warming will lead to migration of insects thus leading to spread of diseases by the disease carrying insects especially in Northern countries (Williams 2002). The species in arctic areas, mountains and tropical seas will migrate thus spreading diseases (Farrar 2008). The United Kingdom reduced the six greenhouse gases covered by Kyoto protocol by 549.3 million tones of carbon dioxide in 2011. Carbon dioxide alone accounted for 84 percent of the UK greenhouse emissions in 2010. The carbon

Are pro athetes paid too much Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are pro athetes paid too much - Essay Example It shall discuss this issue using evaluations published by experts on the topic; a thorough assessment of professional athletes’ salaries shall be made based on accepted standards in the field of economics and sports. Professional athletes are reportedly paid millions of dollars annually. Salaries of professional athletes from the NBA, MLB, NHL, and the NFL seem to increase per year and for each athlete. The latest figures from the 2007-2008 sports season reveal that Alex Rodriguez was paid $28 million; Jason Giambi, $24 million; Shaquille O’Neal, $21 million; Kevin Garnett, $23.8 million; Julius Peppers, $14.1 million; Carson Palmer, $13.5 million; Scott Gomez, $10 million; and Daniel Briere, $10 million (Gilmartin â€Å"Articles†). Based on 2002 statistics, basketball players have an annual salary of $2.2 million, with 220,000 as minimum starting salary; baseball players register an annual salary of $1.37 million with $109,000 as minimum starting salary; hockey players have an annual salary of $892,000 and 125,000 as minimum starting salary; and finally football players register an annual salary of $795,000 and 131,000 starting salary (Strategic Reading, p. 26). The figures above seem to be lopsided when they are compared or set side by side with annual salaries of teachers, police officers, fire fighters, or even doctors. Many critics weigh in on this issue as they evaluate the factors which contribute to such high salaries and whether or not such salaries are deserved. An article which dates back as far back as in the 1990s attempted to evaluate the issue by weighing in both sides of the argument. On one hand, it contends that professional athletes are worth their high salaries because sports consumerism drives or dictates the terms of this market. This article cites Larry Lundy, a sports marketing director at Walt Disney who contends that there is only a limited number of superstar

Political And Social Changes And Russian Revolution History Essay

Political And Social Changes And Russian Revolution History Essay Russia is a country with a great history. Back to the past, Russia existed under the Tsars since the 1533 when the country was dominated by the figure of Ivan the Terrible till the subversion of the Nicolas II on the time of Revolution in 1917. By the 1917 the bond between the Tsar and majority of Russian people had been broken. It was the second largest contiguous empire the world has ever seen. The underlying causes of the Russian Revolution 1917 are rooted deep in Russians history. During the 19th century and early 20th century various movements aimed at overthrowing the oppressive government that were staged at different times by students, workers, the members of the nobility and peasants. Two of these unsuccessful movements were the 1825 revolt against Nicolas I and the Revolution on 1905, both of which were attempts to establish a constitutional monarchy. Nicolas II (1894-1917) marked the final struggle of the Romanov autocracy to keep itself in power, despite the mounting pressure for reform from the liberal intelligentsia, the urban middle classes, blue-collar workers, and peasants. The basic dilemma of the regime stemmed from the fact that two main goals were incompatible: the creation of a modern, industrial society while retaining the autocracy. Also, Russians badly organized and unsuccessful involvement in World War I (1914-1918) added popular discontent with the governments corruption and inefficiency. In 1917 these events resulted in the fall of the czarist government and the establishment of the Bolshevik Party, a radical offshoot of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party as the ruling power. It is interesting to look at this particular case study as Revolution broke up the basis of the Russian history of the governing the state and brought mass of changes to the society and politics. It has toppled the Tsar and led to a Bolshevik regime played a decisive role in shaping world history in the twentieth century. The Russian Revolution of 1917, at once compact and comprehensive, puts the events of that fateful year into historical perspective. Revolution gave rise to the Soviet States, the era of the Stalin and the dawning of glasnost. This is a history without compromise, sometimes agonising in its cruelty and hardship, sometimes heroic and courageous in its battle against fate, but above all it is the story of a nation in the making; a nation we live with today. Questions which are particular interesting in this case are political and cultural context in which Revolution occurred. Also, questions how this kind of revolution was organised and did they had leaders of the movement and who they were, are central in this case study. In addition, it is specifically important to look at the outcomes of the Revolution. According to the Theda Skocpol States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (1979) the preconditions of all three revolutions were similar but their outcomes were different. An overview of the historical, political and cultural context in which the movement/revolution occurred/is occurring, with a reflection on how this context shaped the movement/revolution you are looking at. Revolutions are the locomotive of history. Karl Marx. During the centuries theory of revolution had been developed especially since the new type of revolution, communist revolution. The theory of Russian Revolution was Marxs materialist conception of history. Marx was interested in the way why revolutions occur and describe it as the economic and state collapse brought by the incapacity of the productive system to develop further and to meet demands of the working class.  [1]  In relation to Marx theory, Hobsbawm (1986) expressed revolution in the context of the historical transformation of the states. Also, Skocpol (Rentier State, 1982: 265) defines the social revolutions as rapid, basic transformation of a countrys state and class structures, and of its dominant ideology. Entire waves of the social movements arise from broad historical development. The relationship between autocracy and backwardness stood at the heart of Russian historical development in the 19th century. For the centuries, autocratic ruled the country and majority of Russian population lived under severe economic and social conditions. The reign of Nicolas I (1825- 1855) was based firmly on the principles of autocracy. First revolt against Tsar derives from a group of military officials in 14th December 1825.  [2]  Decembrist aimed to replace autocracy with a democratic political and social order by means of the coup detat. Another unsuccessful revolt of social and political disagreement was in 1905. Fist Revolution in 1905-1907 was cause by the aggravated of internal conditions of the state as a result of the unsuccessful war against Japan which also, activated left wing in the state. Complex disagreements arose between the population as a result of the capitalism development, a nd its immaturity. 9th January, Bloody Sunday- massive demonstration of the working class gathered to present a petition for reform to the Winter Palace. The guards opened fire and hundreds man and women were killed. Such an event become known and in every lands end become strikes. In 17th of October in 1905 came Manifesto with new rights for the Russian people, which invoke constitutional illusion and brought cleavage to the Revolution. Also, Revolution wave become less after the suppression of the Decembrists revolt. Trotsky once called Revolution 1905 as a dress rehearsal for 1917.  [3]   The direct cause of the February Revolution of 1917 was the collapse of the czarist regime under the gigantic tension of World War I (1914-1918). In comparison with France and China revolution, which occurred during the formal peach, Russian Revolution developed under direct result of defeat war. After the Japanese war Russian army thoroughly reorganised, had more artillery and excellent spirit. However, in the end of the 1916 Russian fatal statistics of the death people ruined the morale of the army, more than four million people were killed and around one a huff soldiers were in presentment  [4]  . The army was ripe for revolution. In addition, the countrys economy began to display alarming signs of weakness, which made it unable for the Russia to maintain the war effort against powerful, industrialized Germany. Inflation, slow at first, soon gained momentum, and ricers soared. Russian industry was not able to supply to arm, equip, and supply the some 15 million men who were sent into the war as well as the civilians. The misery of the working people was intensified by a growing shortage of food and the railroad network was inadequate. Moreover, mobilizations disrupted industrial and agricultural production. Quite often in the trenches the soldiers went hungry and lacke d equipments or munitions, sometimes even weapons. In comparing with any army in the previous war Russian casualties were greater. Behind the front, goods became scarce, prices skyrocketed, and by 1917 famine threatened even in the larger cities. Discontent became rife; also, it was attributed by many of the supposed treachery of Empress Alexandra and her circle, in which Grigory Yefimovich Rasputin- peasant monk had the dominant influence.  [5]  At the time when the Duma, protested against the inefficient conduct of the war and the arbitrary policies of the imperial government, the Czar-Emperor Nicholas II-and his ministers simply ignored it. The Collapse of the Romanov autocracy in March 1917 was one of the most spontaneous, leaderless, anonymous revolution of all timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [6]   Back to the Sckocpol theory and main argument that the revolutions are not made, they come are emphasized in communist revolution. It includes all classical conditions of the social revolution such as: first of all is that the military competition is defeat, secondly inability to compete economically within an unevenly developing capitalist world economy also, inability to carry out reforms against the interests of strong landed upper class and in addition widespread peasant revolt without any control of it. All of these conditions of the state lead to the revolution. An examination of how the movement is/was organised, and of any practical and/or ethical implications of this. Mobilization is a process of increasing the readiness to act collectively. (William A. Gamson, The Strategy of Social protest) The absence of a constitution or clear conventions created conditions in which supporters and critics of absolutism claimed to offer the correct interpretation of the powers of the monarchy.  [7]  Peter first laid the foundation of the Imperial Russia with great response for the figures of the tsar. During the eighteenth century politics was on low level, it was poorly defined judicial, executive and administrative functions, and it resulted to the weak level of coordination and large reliance on the role of personality. Russian people believed that an inherently selfish power was typical of absolute monarchies with protected only the interests of the elite. During the nineteenth century overall efficiency of the government were improved by the vertically organised ministers as it become more modern and specialized. After the first revolution the tsars prerogatives were wide- ranging and remained powerful, that no bill could become a law without his signature. After the establishment of the Duma and couple reforms created political problems to the tsarist regime and many people start to believe that it was first step of the path travelled by the countries of the West. However, they do not have any opportunity to initiate the legislation. Even half of the Duma members were chosen by the tsar personally and State Council itself remained very sensitive to the tsar. By the mid to late nineteenth century increased the professionalism of bureaucratic seams to represent threat to the tsars regime through systematisation of the business and control of the flow of the information, let alone its specialized knowledge of areas. Such social changes began to have an increasingly powerful impact of the government. Also, the dynasty of Romanov become directly tied because Peter I established Russia as a great European Power. Educated elite began to show signs of dissatisfaction with the autocratic system of government. Even in the early eighteenth Decemb rists were claiming that Russian should adapt European economical models. In comparing with Bourbon France revolution similarities is clear visible with Romanov dynasty, as there was no turning back that aristocracy, took pride in the belongings to the great state. The problems of Domestic Challenges, itself was that society itself was not rich or modern enough. So, people were needed social-economical reforms such as the abolition of reform, inculcation of legal principles and industrialisation. According to the Machiavellis warning rule: if the necessity for reform comes in trouble times, you are too late for harsh measure; and mild ones will not help you, for they will considered as forces from you, and not one will be under any obligation to you from them.  [8]   After the February revolution in 1917 the government was quickly dispersed and autocracy collapsed. Two new bodies exercised political power, New Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies. Immediately deputies appointed a commission to cope with the problems of food supply for the people. However, railroad system, could not handle the simultaneous demands of the food supply for the cities and in the same time supply the fronts and addition to prove raw materials of the industries. On the first of March was accepted Order No 1 which stated that those soldiers and sailors who did not conflict with Soviet were to be elected for committees that would exercise exclusive control over all weapons.  [9]  Addition problem arise that the Russian financial situation by 1917 was bankrupt and Western Allies were willing to provide financial support for the Russia with condition to remain at war. In the same time revolt occurred in the cities and at the f ront, Provisional Government could not respond to the basic needs of the ordinary people. The question was not who should govern, it was rather whether national order could be re-established at all because Provisional Government could not make any fundamental changes. Population become more and more disgruntled with the Provisional Government. Peasants wanted mostly to be left alone to govern their own affairs, breakdown the discipline in the army and the spread of workers. People start to calling for peace, bread, land, and all power to the soviet. As a result on March 6 the Petrograd Soviet split with the Provisional Government of the question of war or peace. But also question was that only soviet could solve the problems of the workers and peasant and it were decisively molded by the Bolshevik propaganda following the April third the arrival in the Petrograd of Lenin. Lenin quickly becomes successful in his leadership and propaganda of the Bolshevik party and requirement of people itself. In addition, another famous revolutionary Leon Trotsky- a Commissar for War agreed with the Lenins policy and joined the Bolshevik Party. Also, credibility to the Bolshevik propaganda added by the Kerensky on June 16 when he orders an offensive that ended in a complete defeat and the virtual disorganization of the army. Discipline of the army broke down and millions of soldiers escape further fighting and try to take part in the division of the land. In the July was adopted a resolution for the abolition of the Duma forced by the Petrograd of Soviets. Also, congress of Soviets organized a demonstration of about 400,000. The resignation of the Kadet ministers lead to the 500,000 workers and sailors demonstration to denounced the government. The Bolshevik party put itself a head of the movement for the peace keeping. However, July demonstration shaped a wave of political reaction of the people. In addition Lenin was denounced as a paid agent of the Germany; Trotsky and others were arrested. Kerensky government did not prevail any economical condition of the country and as a result Bolshevik party start to grow up. At tha t time Kornilov decided to establish a military dictatorship in Petrograd but his army was dissolved before he reached the capital and he was arrested. And the Bolshevik party become to secure a majority in the Petrograd Soviet. Second important revolution occurred in October 10 after the Lenins policy for the opening for the second Congress of the Soviets. Later on October 24 to 25 under the direction of Trotsky soldiers, sailors, and armed workers stormed the Winter Palace, headquarters of the Provisional Government. Also in armed insurrection were involved tens of thousands of men and women. On the afternoon of 25 Trotsky announced the end of the Provisional Government. The second Congress of Soviets began its deliberation and as a result majority of the Menshevik and Socialist Revolutionaries delegates withdrew from the congress. Was made a lot of ratification of the land principles, national property become under the protection of local land committees and soviets. Second Congress of the Soviets also affirmed the rights of all citizens to cultivate land by their own. However, right from the start the Bolsheviks faced political opposition from the other socialist parties to their attempt to rule alone. O n March 3 in 1918 the New Government under the Bolshevik control signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk what ended Russians involvement in World War 1. But under the treaty that Russian should give up the territory of Ukraine, Finland, Poland and Baltic States. The Opposition to the Bolshevik Party erupted into civil war that lasted from 1918 until the late 1920. The strict control of the country was taken by the Lenin and the Russian Communist Party. Sailors revolt and workers strikes were quickly crushed. Lenin Established New Economic Policy to strengthen the country which actually has been drained by seven years of turmoil and economic decline. As a result of Revolutions in December on 30, 1992 was established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and ethnic territories of the former Russian Empire. A critical analysis of the ways in which the revolutionary/social movement framed/is framing the issues of contention. The transformation of social issues into collective action frames does not occur by itself. It is a process in which social actors, media and members of a society jointly interpret, define and redefine states of affairs. Sidney Tarrow. Successful revolt strategy is based on values and goals of the collective action. Values motivate people and shape the components of action. From another hand, collective action can be interpreted as the emergence of trends; of the formation and consolidation of new values systems. That can be presented as social justice, human right and environmental preservation. According to the Ingleharts suggestion it is based on two assumptions and he defined it as the scarcity hypothesis hierarchy of the needs. In relation to the Russia revolution movement people needs were very basic. On the February 24 people were claiming for peace: Down with the war and Down with autocracy. In relation to the French revolution, it produced the first systematic attempts to reshape political culture around new forms of dress, holidays, public works, salutations and monuments.  [10]  As the revolution spread, so did its symbols. Central symbol of the February revolution become Square of the Uprising, demonstrated huge open space an ideal arena for a political meeting, and for the theatre of the Revolution.  [11]  Perhaps more important was a symbolic challenge: statue of Alexander III as a symbol of autocracy. On 26 of February number of workers was killed when the workers and soldiers came face to face. On the February 27 the revolution triumphed and regime of the Petrograd garrison went over to the people. More than 150,000 united workers and soldiers joined the revolution and took control of the city: as a result of revolt were nearly 1500 victims.  [12]  As Kniss (1996) notes, the interpretive elasticity varies among different type of symbols. The red flag become an emblem of the peoples struggle, embodying their anger and ideals, people were even ready to die for that symbol.  [13]  From the theoretical work of Erving Goffman (1974) has proved that symbolic aspects of collective action are v ery influential. Symbolic production enables us to attribute to events and behaviours of collective action. Gamson (1992) defined three central components to motivate collective actions: injustice, agency and identity frames. In October Revolution Vladimir Lenin used slogans as Peace, Land, Bread and famous one All power to the Soviets. The Great October revolution was more about the destroying rather than renew. Comparing with the French revolutionary festivals, the iconoclasm of the February Revolution obeyed the law of the purge. Russia revolutionary felt itself to be in one camp against the enemy. People wore red arm bands or tied red ribbons in their buttonholes to show their support for the revolutionaries. Even some of the cafà © displayed the following advertisement: Fellow-Citizens! In honour of the great days of freedom, I bid you all welcome. Come inside, and eat and drink to your hearts content.  [14]   The empirical evidence of actions demonstrates that people with post- material values are supporting new form of collective actions.  [15]  The Petrograd workers had long traditions of activism and memories of 1905 Revolution. Accept all theoretical implications of the culture and Action as cognitive proxies social movement activity largely consists of practices more directly linked to the symbolic production.  [16]  Also, in the self-organisation of the revolutionary crowd were very important flags and songs. The Menshevik A.E. Diubua recalled that a crowd of several hundred workers moved down Nevsky singing songs and carrying red flag.  [17]   To the parasites, to the dogs, to the rich! Yes and to the evil vampire- Tsar! Kill and destroy them the villainous swine! Light up the dawn of a new and better life! Another important aspect of Revolution symbolic is the changing of public and personal names. The new names reflected general symbols of emancipation. For examples old names of the Empress Catherine become called Free Russia. Cultural Environment are usually conceptualized as norms and values of the population. Rochon (1998) he suggested that cultural change and movements role in that change.  [18]  He ties social groupings as communities for new value perspectives. He tries to understand a balance of values, as a deep feature of culture that serves to integrate social life. Rochon argued that value are widely and deeply held and because of that culture changes is a contentious struggle. In addition, Marxist ideology to suggest that environmental urban crisis could be read as an outcome of the spread of mechanism of capitalist exploitation from the factory and the labour market to its surrounding community. The Leninist party can also be considered proof of Marxisms cultural domination model. According to the Lumley (1990) theory models of counter culture and political proposals such as that of the environmental lists, which has little in common with representation of a class nature, were accorded lit tle space in the development of the movements although they were also present. A critical analysis of the action forms used by the actors involved. We will either find a way or make one. Hannibal Social movement are best understood as clusters of contentious interactive performances of protest events.  [19]  Central to this is movement tactics such as strikes, riots, and violent incidents. According to the Tarrow (1998) he categorised form of protest as: violence, disruption and convention. Violence is the easiest kind of collective action that function of the interaction between movement tactics and policing. It can be used as a transforms the relations between challengers and authorities. Moreover, it is the major power in movement. However, in February revolution for the first point was not any violence. It can impress people and it also could limit the formation of movement because of restrains and frightens off sympathizers. Disruption is the archtypical expression of challenging groups.  [20]  People become scared of disruption no more than a threat of violence. They performance demonstrate their identity and reinforce their solidarity. Revolutionaries were trying to keep authority off balance and keep the public interest with possible opportunities of better life. The demonstration became the major means of the though which workers build and express solidarity. The spread of demonstration rapidly become known with it symbols. However, in repressive state as Russia demonstration regards as potential riots which actually mean it will lead to the savage repression as it was in 1905- Bloody Sunday. Back to the February revolution it was more likely to gain public approval. People start to act. In St Petersburg nearly every industrial enterprise had been shut down, people start to join the strikes. Moreover, Tarrow (1993) suggested that the increases in the rate and variety of form of collective action bring about increases in the number of organizations and other mobilization structures engaged in collective action. As an example the range of tactics used use in the US 1982 was reasonably for winning broad public support.  [21]  Back to the Russia Revolution it increased the capacity to disrupt routines. In addition, strength of revolution was the size of the movement. The civil right movement is always ability to mobilize large number of participant. According to the culture reasons majority of the people shared same believes and values. The revolution was made spontaneously without any leadership. But such king of movement could not be acted by own, it should be organised by strong leader. Even Provisional Government could not demand the society need and was withdrawn by the Bolshevik party leaded by Lenin. According to the Protest Tactics of Goodwin and Jasper (2007) tactics means doing what you can with what you have. Trotskys in the Revolution 1917 played important role in building up the Red Army, and without him the revolution would have been crushed. He was one of who agreed the Lenins ideology and entered party. Lenin himself, used the moment and launched his antiwar attack on the Government. He gets support from the masses and quickly revived their influence. A reflection on means and ends in relation to your case study, and on any ethical issues arising from its practices and/or its aims. We cannot think first and act afterwards. From the moment of birth we are immersed in action and can only fitfully guide it by taking thought. ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD Interesting question arising in relation to the ends and means, does the particular ends of the revolution justify the particular means of it? The man of action views the issues of means and ends in pragmatic and strategic terms. The fist points at the beginning arising about the possibility of various forms of actions. But the means and ends must coherence; immoral means cannot bring about moral ends. However, no one can predict any reliability how any collective action would interfere and response to injustice, oppression and violence. For the Russian population it was already impossible to find way of surviving. Rather than find method of struggle people choose to fight. But the means represent the ideal in the making; in the long run of history destructive means cannot bring about constructive ends.  [22]  Second point which Gandhi suggested is nonviolence: it contends that ones aim must never be to inflict injury upon the opponent. However, he also says that he did not mentioned truth in relation to the nonviolence as a World-force because simply truth cannot be expressed excepting by nonviolence. For a long time period people become tired of struggling and poverty. Gandhi mentioned that it is a goal and it is beautiful to have a method of struggle and it can be powerful social force. According to the Russia famous poetry Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev: Russia cannot be understood with the mind alone, No ordinary yardstick can span her greatness: She stands alone, unique In Russia, one can only believe. But people start to feel hate and anger, they become tired to believe. After the Bloody Sunday people were more than ready for the changes. Gandhi puts love of the first place of non violence and avoids external physical violence. But love stuff is next stepped to the anger and vice versa. At the point when person is exhausted he could have different range of emotions from crying to laughing. Even so, people would be willing to use nonviolence strategy, if there were possible circumstance. But violence strategy is more successful in the current conflict.  [23]  Moreover, against nonviolence strategy of love stuff difficult to understand if the person acting as not as human being, which king of acts should taken? I would say that at the moment when person using violence against person who acting as not human being, he losing his soul as well. According to the Martin Luther King If you are hit you must not hit back; you must rise to the heights of being able to accept blows without retaliating. That what he called suffering as a powerful social forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ man does not know how to handle it. A consideration of the actual or potential outcomes of the movement/revolution you have looked at. There are many debates about the exact time of the end of Revolution. The end of the Revolution came at the moment when the Communist party start to control most of the future USSR territory. The biggest outcome of the movement was the dramatic social changes in the in the Russian. Russian empire of capitalism, monarchy and church was replaced by the theoretically classes society equal comrades. The initial statement was that no one went hungry, and everyone could enjoy life through hard work. Also, significant outcome of the social revolution was development of large-scale modern enterprises and national economical development.  [24]  In addition, Russia Revolution led to the eventual emergency of Joseph Stalin and Cold War with the United States.  [25]   Nothing would happen without the initial support of the mass of Russian population. In relation to the social studies it is not the easy to identify particular movement actions as the cause of a specific outcome.  [26]  According to the Paul Burstein argue in the re

Universalizability and Philippine Supreme Court Cases :: Criminal Justice

Universalizability and Philippine Supreme Court Cases ABSTRACT: The requirement that legal reasoning be universalizable is so unquestioned as a legal doctrine that it is practically axiomatic. Recently, two Philippine Supreme Court cases have been decided in a manner that apparently dispenses with this requirement. I discuss these two cases in the light of the requirement. I conclude that the requirement, rather than being diminished by the two cases, has actually maintained its axiomatic status on the basis that the reasoning in the two cases is deficient: the first either for inequality in treatment or for lack of clear guidance, and the second for the failure to appear impartial. The requirement that judicial reasoning be universalizable, that the justifying reasons for a decision are to be articulated or at least must be capable of being articulated in the form of a universal norm under which the facts of the case are to be subsumed so as to entail logically the decision, (1) is an acknowledged formal legal principle indispensable to any sound theory of adjudication. Recently, two Philippine Supreme Court Decisions, Alonzo v. IAC (2) and Marcos v. Manglapus, (3) challenged the very indispensability of such a requirement. This paper will discuss the interaction between and effects of these two decisions on the requirement of universalizability, by determining whether the requirement is indeed seriously challenged by the two cases and, conversely, by assessing and analyzing these two cases in terms of the requirement. These two decisions resolved the issues in the two cases by creating exceptions for the unique circumstances attendant to the cases, thus apparently dispensing with the requirement. In particular, the Alonzo case held: "In fact, and this should be clearly stressed, we ourselves are not abandoning the Cojenero and Buttle doctrines. What we are doing is adopting an exception to the general rule, in view of the particular circumstances of the case." (4) In the Marcos case, reference was made to the special circumstances involving President Marcos thus: "This case is unique. It should not create a precedent, for the case of a dictator forced out of office and into exile after causing twenty years of political, economic and social havoc in the country and within the short space of three years seeks to return, is in a class by itself." (5) In discussing the interaction between and effects of these two decisions on the requirement of universalizability, the paper will first briefly explain the rationale behind the requirement. Universalizability and Philippine Supreme Court Cases :: Criminal Justice Universalizability and Philippine Supreme Court Cases ABSTRACT: The requirement that legal reasoning be universalizable is so unquestioned as a legal doctrine that it is practically axiomatic. Recently, two Philippine Supreme Court cases have been decided in a manner that apparently dispenses with this requirement. I discuss these two cases in the light of the requirement. I conclude that the requirement, rather than being diminished by the two cases, has actually maintained its axiomatic status on the basis that the reasoning in the two cases is deficient: the first either for inequality in treatment or for lack of clear guidance, and the second for the failure to appear impartial. The requirement that judicial reasoning be universalizable, that the justifying reasons for a decision are to be articulated or at least must be capable of being articulated in the form of a universal norm under which the facts of the case are to be subsumed so as to entail logically the decision, (1) is an acknowledged formal legal principle indispensable to any sound theory of adjudication. Recently, two Philippine Supreme Court Decisions, Alonzo v. IAC (2) and Marcos v. Manglapus, (3) challenged the very indispensability of such a requirement. This paper will discuss the interaction between and effects of these two decisions on the requirement of universalizability, by determining whether the requirement is indeed seriously challenged by the two cases and, conversely, by assessing and analyzing these two cases in terms of the requirement. These two decisions resolved the issues in the two cases by creating exceptions for the unique circumstances attendant to the cases, thus apparently dispensing with the requirement. In particular, the Alonzo case held: "In fact, and this should be clearly stressed, we ourselves are not abandoning the Cojenero and Buttle doctrines. What we are doing is adopting an exception to the general rule, in view of the particular circumstances of the case." (4) In the Marcos case, reference was made to the special circumstances involving President Marcos thus: "This case is unique. It should not create a precedent, for the case of a dictator forced out of office and into exile after causing twenty years of political, economic and social havoc in the country and within the short space of three years seeks to return, is in a class by itself." (5) In discussing the interaction between and effects of these two decisions on the requirement of universalizability, the paper will first briefly explain the rationale behind the requirement.